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- The MITRE Cablenet Project
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- April 1979
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- prepared for
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- Defense Communication Agency
- WWMCCS ADP Directorate
- Command and Control Technical Center
- 11440 Isaac Newton Square
- Reston, Va. 22090
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- by
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- Anita P. Skelton
- Steven F. Holmgren
- David C. Wood
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- MITRE Corporation
- 1820 Dolley Madision Blvd.
- McLean Va. 22102
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- The MITRE Cablenet Project
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- Introduction
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- MITRE has initiated a local network and internetting
- research project, which is supported by the Defense Communica-
- tions Agency. The intent of the project is to investigate the
- advisability of connecting major Command Center components with a
- cable-bus, and the interconnection of these Command Centers to
- eachother. A cable-bus network (Cablenet) has been installed at
- MITRE, and is being attached to the ARPANET, to establish a
- test-bed for experimentation. One of the major areas of investi-
- gation is a determination of what protocols are best suited to a
- local network broadcast environment, and how these protocols
- interwork with the protocols in the global packet- switched net-
- work. The cable-bus architecture will be compared with alterna-
- tive configurations for a local network, such as a centralized
- architecture, from the viewpoint of security, performance, and
- other characteristics important in a command center environment.
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- The Command Center Environment
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- An understanding of this project is incomplete without a
- very short digression on our view of the Command Center com-
- ponents to be connected. Present and future Command Centers con-
- sist of a number of devices which for many reasons aren't easily
- inter-connected. During the latter 1980's, the World Wide Mili-
- tary Command and Control System (WWMCCS) Command Center is likely
- to include the present WWMCCS Honeywell 6000 computers, a future
- generation WWMCCS system, an Automated Text Message Handling
- (ATMH) system, which provides electronic mail, an intelligent
- terminals, dumb terminals, a data base machine for information
- retrieval, and possibly an intelligence system. In addition, ac-
- cess will be needed to long-haul networks, such as AUTODIN II.
- Each of the components may be a single machine, a group of
- machines, or a simple peripheral device which contributes to the
- component function.
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- The role of the cable-bus is to provide a "friendly" inter-
- face to each of these devices so that they may be unified into a
- more useful tool without unduly affecting component performance.
- This implies that in some sense the cable-bus must be all things
- to all devices. It should be able to emulate terminals, RJE sta-
- tions, and simple twisted pair communications wires. The versa-
- tility of the cable-bus interface unit and its capability for
- complex data transformation are the keys to the cable-bus success
- in these roles.
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- The Cable-Bus System
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- The MITRE/Washington Cablenet system is based on a technolo-
- gy developed at MITRE/Bedford. Similar cable-bus systems are in
- operation at a number of government sites, e.g. Walter Reed Army
- Hospital, and the NASA Johnson Space Center, but these are all
- standalone, local-only networks.
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- The system uses standard Community Antenna Television (CATV)
- coaxial cable and microprocessor based Bus Interface Units (BIUs)
- to connect subscriber computers and terminals to the cable.
- Coaxial cable as a transmission medium is very attractive for a
- number of reasons: it is relatively inexpensive, approximately
- $500/mile; it can support multimegabit transmissions; and is re-
- latively immune to noise. It is well suited for the transmission
- of digital, as well as analog signal. The cable bus consists of
- two parallel coaxial cables, one inbound and the other outbound.
- The inbound cable and outbound cable are connected at one end,
- the headend, and electrically terminated at their other ends.
- This architecture takes advantage of the well developed unidirec-
- tional CATV components. The topology is dendritic (i.e. branched
- like a tree).
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- The BIU is designed to transmit on the inbound cable and re-
- ceive on the outbound cable. Each BIU implements a contention
- algorithm, reliable packet communication, and user device inter-
- face firmware. Other functions, such as intra-net routing, are
- either inherent in the broadcast nature of the cable-bus, or im-
- plemented by the user device. Certain BIUs directly interface
- terminals to the cable-bus.
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- A broadcast contention scheme is used on the cable, with all
- subscribers concurrently competing for the transmission media.
- The BIU uses a Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) mechanism to
- detect a busy cable. It also uses a Listen-While-Talk (LWT)
- scheme to detect concurrent transmissions (collisions). Due to
- signal propagation delay, it is possible for a BIU to start
- transmitting without detecting the presence of a concurrent
- transmission on the channel. The LWT technique minimizes the
- time lost when a BIU has to abort a transmission due to colli-
- sions. A transmitting BIU reads the initial portion of its own
- transmission (listens while talking) from the outbound channel,
- and compares it with the information sent on the inbound channel:
- if the comparison indicates that the transmission has not been
- interferred with, the BIU assumes that the cable-bus has been ac-
- quired, disables its receivers, and continues transmission; if
- the comparision indicates that a collision has occurred, the BIU
- backs off for a pseudo-random amount of time, and then attempts
- to retransmit.
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- The coaxial cable (JA-3412) consists of a copper clad alumi-
- num center conductor, polystyrene dialectric, and an aluminum
- sheath shield. It has a loss figure of 1.6dB per hundred feet.
- Analog signals can be effectively transmitted in a frequency
- range of from 5MHz to 300MHz. The BIUs contain Radio Frequency
- (RF) modems which modulate a carrier signal to transmit digital
- information using 1MHz of the available bandwidth in the 24Mhz
- frequency range. The remainder of the 294MHz bandwidth can be
- used to carry other information channels, such as off-the-air TV,
- FM, closed circuit TV, or a voice telephone system, or, other di-
- gital channels. The data rate of our test-bed system is
- 307.2kbps.
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- The central processing unit of the BIU is a MOS Technology
- MCS6502A microprocessor. The 6502A has a cycle time of 500
- nanoseconds. It has a bidirectional 8-bit data bus which is in-
- terfaced to a MCS6522 Versatile Interface Adapter (VIA); this VIA
- has 2 - 8-bit parallel ports and dual interval timers, and is
- used for high-speed parallel transfers from computers. Addition-
- ally, there are two Motorola 6950 Asynchronous Communications In-
- terface Adapters (ACIAs): one of these ACIAs allows terminal ac-
- cess to the network via an RS-232-C port, with a selectable baud
- rate from 75-9600 bits per second; the other ACIA is used for
- very high-speed communication with the cable.
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- The 6502 is capable of addressing 65K bytes of memory. Peri-
- pheral control and data registers are addressed as memory loca-
- tions. There are 2K bytes of Random Access Memory (RAM) in low
- order memory. The first 512 bytes are used for variable storage
- and stack, and the remaining 1.5K bytes are used for packet
- buffers. The upper 2K of memory is Programmable Read Only Memory
- (PROM) which contains the BIU firmware.
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- The Design Goals
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- The next generation of microprocessors (e.g., Zilog 8000,
- Motorola 68000, Intel 8086), the increasing availability of
- larger, faster memories, and the longer term (5-10 yrs.) availa-
- bility of Josephson junction and three-dimensional logic, make it
- increasingly attractive to off-load specialized processing func-
- tions from the WWMCCS H6000 computer to other separate computers
- within a command center. Our test bed is being designed to pro-
- vide the required inter-connection capability for the command
- center of the future, which takes advantage of this technological
- trend. With this in mind the following goals have been defined:
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- o There should be inordinately large amounts
- of processing power at each node.
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- o The cost of a bus interface unit should
- not be prohibitive.
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- o The construction should be modular to
- enable stepwise replacement of functions
- with advancing technology.
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- o The cable-bus should provide a full range
- of layered protocols (e.g. datagram,
- virtual circuit, virtual terminal, mail,
- teleconferencing, file transfer, and user
- defined) which embody state-of-the-art
- networking mechanisms (e.g. flow control,
- routing, addressing). Furthermore, the layers
- should provide interfaces promoting extensible
- higher level usage.
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- o The bus interface units should be able
- to support a wide variety of backend devices
- and communications line disciplines (e.g. RS232,
- parallel, HDLC, X.25).
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- o The resulting architecture should be
- fundamentaly securable so that information
- classified at various levels and
- compartments can be transported
- simultaneously.
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- Our investigation of the applicability of the cable-bus to
- the Command Center environment will encompass an assessment of
- the extent to which these characteristics apply to the MITRE
- cable-bus system. Where feasible, the system will be improved to
- more closely meet those goals. An assessment will be made to
- discover any advantages in a distributed cable-bus inter-
- connection archtecture over a star inter-connection architecture.
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- The result of our efforts will be a cable-bus system that
- embodies a substantial number of the goals defined above. The
- cable-bus system will: (1) provide the required nodal process-
- ing capability, (2) implement cleanly layered transport and vir-
- tual circuit protocols (the significance of this statement cannot
- be underestimated), (3) interface to parallel and RS232 devices
- with the capability for development of other user device communi-
- cation disciplines, (4) result in a bus interface unit that is in
- the early stages of program verification, and (5) effectively
- communicate with other networks via network gateways.
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- The Test Bed
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- Our MITRE cable-bus test-bed includes a PDP-11/70 minicom-
- puter running the Network UNIX operating system, and three
- LSI-11s. The Network UNIX system will contain implementations of
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- the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Version 4.0 and a modi-
- fied version of the Internet Protocol (c.f. Realignment of Bus
- Interface Unit Protocols). The gateway functions will be
- minimal. The modified Internet Protocol will pass through pack-
- ets to hosts on the ARPANET and cable. These hosts are expected
- to contain the necessary higher level protocol software to estab-
- lish and maintain direct communications circuits. The LSI-11 mi-
- crocomputers will be paired with three bus interface units to
- provide the futuristic nodal processing capabilities. The archi-
- tecture of the test bed is shown in figure 1.
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- -------------->-----[ ]---------|
- | |
- | -----------<-------[ ]-------|
- | | | |
- | | |-----|
- | | | |
- | | | BIU |
- | | |-----|
- | | |
- | | |---------|
- | | | |
- | | |Tektronix|
- | | | 4027 |
- | | |---------|
- |----| outbound | |
- |Head|----->---[ ]--------------------[ ]----------[ ]-----[ ]--->-----|
- | | | | | |
- |End |-----<-----[ ]---------------------[ ]----[ ]----------[ ]--<----|
- |----| | | inbound | | | |
- | | | | | |
- |-----| | | |-----|
- | | | | | |
- | BIU | | | | BIU |
- |-----| | | |-----|
- | | | |
- |------------| | | |-------|
- | |--- | | | |---
- | PDP-11/70 |--- TTYs | | | LSI-11|--- TTYs
- | |--- | | |-------|
- | | | |
- |------------| | --[ ]--------------|
- | | |
- | |------[ ]------------|
- |----------| | |
- |Local Host| |-----|
- | Port | | |
- |..........| | BIU |
- | TIP | |-----|
- |----------| |
- / \ |--------|
- / \ |Terminal|
- To ARPA |--------|
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- Figure 1. Cablenet Architecture
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- Initial Areas of Concentration
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- Realignment of Bus Interface Unit Protocols. MITRE's exist-
- ing BIU-BIU protocols are ad hoc in nature. Various problems,
- such as, inadequate addressing structure, missing or antiquated
- flow control mechanisms, and missing out-of-band signaling,
- prevent interfacing the cable-bus to long-haul networks in any
- reasonable manner. Transport and virtual circuit protocols suit-
- ed to the high speed cable bus are needed to provide the func-
- tions for interfacing to existing long- haul networks.
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- Using the TCP version 4.0 and the Internetwork Protocol as a
- starting point, a Flexible Datagram Protocol (FDP) has been
- designed (See IEN-97). The FDP is motivated by a need to support
- a cable-bus user community with widly varying transport protocol
- requirements. It should be emphasized that the generation of a
- new set of protocols was not our intent. However the urgent need
- for a flexible transport protocol on the cable, and the feeling
- that the state-of-the-art in local area networking protocols is
- such that no existing protocols may be adopted as a whole, led to
- the conceptual merging of the local network protocol layer with
- the internet layer, to yield a transport datagram protocol which
- can be layered under TCP. In its simplest form, FDP can function
- in a local broadcast environment, and in its expanded form, the
- FDP assumes all the characteristics of the Internet Protocol.
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- Internet Software Development. In order to achieve a full
- internetworking capability between the Cablenet and ARPANET, TCP
- 4.0 and the FDP will be installed on the 11/70 and on the
- LSI-11s. (We are adopting BBN's UNIX "C"/TCP and SRI's MOS/TCP in
- an attempt to get these internetworking capabilities operating as
- expeditiously as possible.)
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- High-speed 11/70 - Cable Interface. The 11/70 is interfaced
- to the cable-bus with a low speed (9600 baud) terminal line. All
- terminals accessing the 11/70 via the cable are multiplexed over
- this line. To test the bandwidth and throughput of the cable-bus
- system, a high-speed interface between the PDP11/70 and the
- cable-bus is being installed. The interface bandwidth must be
- greater than the basic cable bandwidth so as not to bottleneck
- data and affect measurements.
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- A UMC-Z80, from Associated Computer Consultants, will be
- used to provide the hardware interface between the cable-bus and
- the PDP-11 UNIBUS. Data transfer rates on the order of 500 Kbits
- should be available through the UMC-Z80. Since the basic data
- rate of the existing cable-bus is approximately 300 Kbits, it is
- believed that bottleneck problems associated with the PDP-11 to
- cable interface will be non-existent.
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- Security. No secure cable-bus installations currently ex-
- ist. Particular attention is being given to investigating ways
- of securing a cable-bus to meet the security requirements of a
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- command center. The following areas have been identified for
- study:
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- 1. The use of DES and Public Key encryption systems to
- provide secure virtual circuit data paths.
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- 2. BIU software verification.
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- 3. Methods for physically securing the BIU and the cable.
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- 4. A suggested architecture for an integrated network
- control center and security officers station.
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- Because of the "intelligence" of each BIU, a number of security
- measures are possible that are difficult to implement in other
- architectures. Dynamic key modification, logical address assign-
- ment, carrier frequency hopping, and distributed specifications
- of interconnectivity, are all measures that strengthen the
- overall cable-bus security. The extent to which each of these
- measures is needed is part of our research.
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- Performance Analysis and Experimentation. There is a long
- standing need for a knowledge of the end-to-end speed of the ex-
- isting MITRE cable-bus system. Our initial measurement of
- bandwidth and throughput will satisfy this need, as well as to
- provide a metric for our newly implemented transport and virtual
- circuit protocols. Subsequent measurements will not only focus
- on our evolved transport and virtual circuit protocols, but will
- deal with the internet environment.
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- The Cablenet of the Future
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- Our ultimate goal is a cable-bus design that is capable of
- high-speed transmission (greater than 1Mbps), extensible, secure,
- and supports both voice and video transmissions which are fully
- integrated with the digital data. A voice message system coupled
- with interactive TV/graphics displays are some of the elements of
- our postulated fully automated command center. The next genera-
- tion cable-bus interface units will support a multitude of dev-
- ices, including page oriented and color graphics terminals; we
- will implement a virtual terminal protocol in an expanded BIU.
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- We are interested in developing the capability to dynamical-
- ly regulate resource access and machine loading, and we envision
- a fully-distributed prototype cable-bus network being installed
- at a command center site to test these resource sharing concepts.
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